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PART ONE IP Law on Economic Damages1

CHAPTER 1 U.S.Case Law and Economic Damages in Patent Litigation&Chase Perry, Daniel Slottje, and Elizabeth Whitaker3

Introduction3

Lost Profits6

Tektronix, Inc.v.United States6

Panduit Corp.v.Stahlin Brothers Fibre Works, Inc.6

Hanson v.Alpine Valley Ski Area, Inc.6

Paper Converting Machine Company v.Magna-Graphics Corporation6

Kori Corp.V. Wilco Marsh Buggies ? Draglines, Inc.7

State Industries, Inc.v.Mor-Flo Industries, Inc.7

BIC Leisure Products, Inc.v.Windsurfing Int’l, Inc.7

King Instruments Corp.v.Perego7

Grain Processing Corp.v.Am.Maize-Products Co.7

Crystal Semiconductor Corp.v.Tritec Microelectronics, Int’l, Inc.8

Price Erosion8

Yale Lock Manufacturing Co.v.Sargent8

LAM Inc.v.Johns-Manville Corp.8

Brooktree Corp.V. Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.8

Crystal Semiconductor Corp.v.Tritec Microelectronics, Int’l, Inc.9

Entire Market Value Rule9

Paper Converting Machine Company v.Magna-Graphics Corporation9

Rite-Hite Corp.v.Kelley Co., Inc.9

Stryker Corp.v.Intermedics Orthopedics Inc.9

Fonar Corp.V. General Electric Co.9

Tec Air v.Denso Manufacturing Michigan Inc.10

Micro Chemical, Inc.v.Lextron, Inc.and Turnkey Computer Systems, Inc.10

Reasonable Royalty10

Columbia Wire Co.v.Kokomo Steel ? Wire Co.10

Aro Manufacturing Co.v.Convertible Top Replacement Co.10

Georgia-Pacific Corp.v.U.S.Plywood Corp.10

Tektronix, Inc.v.United States11

Ellipse Corp.v.Ford Motor Co.11

TWM Manufacturing Co., Inc.v.Dura Corp.11

Fromson v.Western Litho Plate ? Supply Co.11

Slimfold Mfg.Co., Inc.v.Kinkead Industries, Inc.11

Mahurkar v.C.R.Bard, Inc.11

Maxwell v.J.Baker, Inc.12

Minco, Inc.v.Combustion Engineering Inc.12

Grain Processing Corp.v.Am.Maize-Products Co.12

Conclusion12

CHAPTER 2 Trends in U.S.Patent Activity&Felix Chan and Michael McAleer15

Introduction15

Data17

Trends in U.S.Patent Activity18

Trends in Patent Shares20

Trends in U.S.Patent Growth Rate22

Conclusion24

CHAPTER 3 Trademark Infringement and the Legal Bases for the Recovery of Economic Damages&Marc E.Ackerman and Daren M.Orzechowski27

Introduction27

Origins of Trademark Law28

Development of Federal Trademark Law30

Different Categories ofTrademarks31

Law of Trademark Infringement33

Strength of the Mark35

Similarity between Defendant’s and Plaintiff’s Marks35

Whether the Products Compete in the Marketplace36

Likelihood That the Trademark Owner Will “Bridge the Gap”36

Evidence ofActual Consumer Confusion36

Defendant’s Intent in Selecting Its Trademark36

Quality of the Defendant’s Goods or Services37

Sophistication of the Consumers37

Remedies and Economic Recovery for Trademark Infringement37

Determining the Relevant Damages Period38

Theories of Recovery under the Lanham Act40

Statutory Damages in Counterfeiting Cases47

Judicial Modification of Damages Award47

Conclusion49

CHAPTER 4 Explaining Venue Choice and Litigant Preferences: Solving the Delaware “Mystery”&Donald F.Parsons Jr., Jack B.Blumenfeld, Mary B.Graham, and Leslie A.Polizoti67

Introduction67

Delaware’s Historical Prominence in Patent Litigation68

Unmatched Judicial Experience69

Predictable Case Management71

Rare Transfer71

Early Scheduling Conference and Predictable Dates72

Flexible Approaches72

Frequent Patent Trials74

High Number of Trials74

Infrequent Summary Judgment75

High Win Rates and High Damages76

The Mediation Bonus78

Conclusion78

CHAPTER 5 Commonly Debated Issues in Performing Economic Damages Analyses in Intellectual Property Matters&Chase Perry, Clarke B.Nelson, and Elizabeth Whitaker83

Introduction83

Damages under U.S.Patent Law84

Commonly Debated Issues in Intellectual Property Damage Calculations84

Definition of the Relevant Market84

Reliance on the “Book of Wisdom”85

Where to Begin a Georgia-Pacific Analysis86

Application of the “Entire Market Value” Rule86

Interpretation and Application of the “25 Percent” Rule87

Incremental versus Gross or Operating Profits to the Patent Holder87

Calculating Marginal Costs88

Exclusivity and Duration of the Hypothetical Licenses: Factors 3 and 7 under Georgia-Pacific88

Acceptability of Noninfringing Substitutes88

Analytical Approach to a Royalty89

Conclusion90

PART TwO Economics of Patent Damages93

CHAPTER 6 Loss of Profits as a Measurement of Damages in Patent Infringement Matters95

VincentA.Thomas, Christopher Gerardi, and Dawn Hall Introduction95

Lost Sales of Patent Owner’s Patented Products96

Methodology （Panduit Test）96

Case Example102

Lost Sales of “Nonpatented” Products That Compete with Infringing Products107

Methodology107

Case Example107

Lost Sales of Convoyed （“Add-on”） Products107

Methodology107

Case Example108

Price Erosion108

Methodology108

Case Example109

Increased Costs/Accelerated Market Entry109

Methodology109

Case Example110

Conclusion110

CHAPTER 7 The Law of Demand and Lost Profits Analysis&Robert Basmann, Michael Buchanan, Esfandiar Maasoumi, and Daniel Slottje113

Introduction113

The Law of Demand and Its Evolution115

Supply and Demand Models115

Assumptions and Definitions117

Demand117

Supply117

Simple Supply and Demand Curves118

Change from the Equilibrium Point119

Supply Curve Shifts121

Elasticity123

Vertical Supply Curve124

Market Structure125

Example: Supply and Demand in a Six-Person Economy126

Case Studies128

Conclusion131

CHAPTER 8 A Holistic Approach to Patent Damages Analysis&Ryan Sullivan133

Introduction133

Ice Cream Industry135

Market Overview135

Data Description136

Infringement Illustration137

Market-Share Rule139

Methodology139

Application to Ice Cream Industry140

Discussion140

Price Erosion142

Methodology142

Application to Ice Cream Industry143

Discussion143

Market Simulation145

Methodology145

Application to Ice Cream Industry148

Discussion150

Conclusion150

Appendixes152

A.Epstein Method for Price Adjustment152

B.Antitrust Logit Model （ALM）152

CHAPTER 9 Commercial Success: Economic Principles Applied to Patent Litigation&Jesse David and Marion B.Stewart159

Introduction159

Summary of the Case Law160

Economic Criteria162

Two Case Studies165

Conclusion167

CHAPTER 10 Reasonable Royalty as a Measure of Damages in Patent Infringement Matters&Vincent A.Thomas, Christopher Gerardi, and Dawn Hall171

Introduction171

What Is a “Reasonable” Royalty?172

License Agreement172

Royalty172

“Reasonable” Royalty172

Methods for Determining a Reasonable Royalty Rate173

Established Royalty173

Hypothetical Negotiation （Georgia.Pacific Factors）173

Analytical Approach175

Cost Savings175

Alternative Design /Noninfringing Alternatives175

Case Example176

Background Information176

Barbara Witness Calculation177

John Expert Calculation178

Conclusion178

CHAPTER 11 The “Analytical Approach” as a Technique to Determine a Reasonable Royalty&Lance E.Gunderson, Stephen E.Dell, and Scott W.Cragun181

Introduction181

Summary of the Case Law182

Economic Considerations184

Case Example185

Background185

Plaintiff’s Use of the Analytical Approach185

Defendant’s Use of the Analytical Approach187

Damages Summary187

Conclusion188

CHAPTER 12 A Quasi-Comparable Approach to Reasonable Royalty Determination&JeffreyA.Dubin191

Introduction191

Scope, Duration, and Noninfringing Substitutes193

Variety of Computer Upgrade Technologies193

Duration Limitations195

Value of a Consumer Upgrade Option196

Determining a Reasonable Royalty197

Conclusion198

CHAPTER 13 Using Statistics in Patent Cases: A Case Study&Esfandiar Maosoumi and Matthew G.Mercurio201

Introduction201

Dr.M’s Methodology202

General Similarity among Mallets205

Statistical Tests206

Nonindependence of Mallet Characteristics208

Presentation of Statistical Evidence210

PART THREE Economics of Copyright, Trademark, and Trade Secret Damages213

CHAPTER 14 Using Statistics in Copyright Cases&Daniel Millimet, Michael Nieswiadomy, and Daniel Slottje215

Introduction215

Economic Models215

Deterministic versus Stochastic Models216

Line of Best Fit: Regression Analysis218

Fundamentals of Hypothesis Testing219

Hypothesis Testing in a Regression Model222

Hypothesis Testing in a Copyright Damages Case224

Case Study: Peter Plaintiff v.the Yazoo Yeti224

Conclusion228

CHAPTER 15 Quantification of Damages in Trademark Cases&Blake Inglish231

Introduction231

General Trademark Information231

General Definition231

Inclusive Definitions232

Distinctiveness232

Registration233

Trademark Infringement Litigation234

Concepts Unique to Trademark Infringement234

False Advertising235

Nonmonetary Remedies236

Calculating Trademark Damages236

Types of Damages236

Other Damages Issues239

Case Study: Calculating Damages for Trademark Infringement240

Summary of CaseAssumptions241

Damages Calculation241

Conclusion245

CHAPTER 16 Economic Damage Quantification in Trademark Matters&Jeffrey A.Dubin249

Introduction249

Basis for the Demand Approach251

Demand Analysis and Brand Profitability252

Data Description254

Nielsen Reports254

SAMI Reports255

Socioeconomic Data255

Leading National Advertisers Data255

CPI Data255

Analysis256

Estimated Trademark Fractions and Conclusions259

CHAPTER 17 Evaluation of Damages Claims in a Trade Secrets Case&Robin C.Sickles and AshokAyyar265

Introduction265

Case Background: AAA Technologies v.BBB, Inc266

Damages Calculations267

Summary of Opinions269

Reliance on Interview Questions270

Spurious and Unreliable Interview Results271

Flawed Survey Design271

Flawed Survey Implementation272

Flawed Interpretation and Use of Survey Results273

Uncertainty in the Model274

Royalty Rates276

Conclusion278

CHAPTER 18 A Primer on Trademarks and Trademark Valuation&Michealyn Corbett, Mohan Rao, and David Teece281

What Is a Trademark?281

What Constitutes an Acceptable Trademark?282

Different Types of Trademarks283

A Trademark Is Not the Same as a Trade Name or Brand283

A Trademark Is Not the Same as Goodwill284

Why Do We Care about Trademarks and Why Are They Needed?285

How Does One Obtain a Trademark?286

How Are Trademarks Protected and How Can They Be Damaged?287

Trademarks and the Internet288

How Are Trademarks Valued?289

Principles of Licensing289

Cost Approach291

Market Approach291

Income Approach293

Conclusion294

INDEX297