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Chapter 1 Introduction3

Overview: An Introduction to Comparative Animal Law3

Animals and the Law5

What Is Animal Law?7

What Is Comparative Animal Law?9

Common Issues in Comparative Animal Law13

Which animals are the subjects of laws and why are they privileged over other animals?13

What is the relationship between social values about animals and the law?18

Is there a difference between "animal welfare laws" and "animal rights laws"?19

How do nations' concerns about how they are perceived in the international community affect their animal laws?22

Why are some issues dealt with on an international basis, while others are considered domestic issues?23

How does the fact that animals are considered property affect animal laws in different countries?26

What role does science play in the formulation and enforcement of animal laws?27

Comparative Animal Law in Practice28

Asia30

China30

Japan32

The Philippines33

South Korea33

India34

Israel35

Africa36

South Africa36

Egypt37

North America38

United States of America38

South America39

Brazil39

Ecuador40

Europe41

European Union41

United Kingdom42

Germany43

Italy43

Croatia44

Slovakia44

Australasia45

Australia45

New Zealand46

Conclusion47

Chapter 2 Commercial Uses of Animals for Food and Entertainment61

Chapter Overview61

Animals Used for Food62

Transport67

Chickens67

Laying Hens68

Broiler Chickens70

Ducks and Geese73

Pigs76

Cows80

Veal Calves81

Cows Used for Dairy Products82

Cows Used for Meat84

Horses88

Bushmeat89

Dogs—As Food93

Fur94

Dogs and Cats—As Clothing94

Fur Seals96

Other Animals, Other Uses98

Bears98

Entertainment—Hunting, Competition, Fighting, and Exhibitions100

The Law on Entertainment101

Companion Animals101

Zoos104

Live Exhibition (Circuses, Rodeos, Television, and Film)105

Animal Fighting107

Conclusion109

Chapter 3 Criminal Law139

Animal Cruelty as a Crime139

Civil versus Criminal Law139

The Anticruelty Laws—A Different Kind of Criminal Law142

Areas of Comparison and Contrast146

Historical Developments of the Anticruelty Laws—England and the United States148

Global Comparisons152

India152

Ancient Laws of India153

Modern Law153

Canada156

European Union (EU)159

France162

Germany164

Norway165

Switzerland166

New Zealand167

People's Republic of China (PRC)171

Australia173

Taiwan175

Conclusion176

Chapter 4 Animal Experimentation185

Chapter Overview185

Domestic Laws on Animal Experimentation187

Complete Prohibitions on Animal Experimentation187

National Prohibitions on Experiments on Certain Species188

National Regulation of the Use of Animals in Scientific and Biomedical Research191

Britain: Cruelty to Animals Act and British Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act191

United States: Animal Welfare Act195

Japan: Act on Welfare and Management of Animals205

China: Guiding Opinions on the Humane Treatment of Laboratory Animals206

India: Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act209

Australia211

National Regulations for the Use of Animals in Testing Medicines, Cosmetics, and Household Products212

National Laws Concerning the Use of Animals in Education213

Regional Regulation of Animal Experimentation215

The European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals Used for Experimental and Other Scientific Purposes215

Directive 2010/63/EU216

Directive 76/768/EEC221

International Regulations of Animal Research223

Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences225

World Organization for Animal Health226

International Organization for Standardization227

Transnational Networks of Animal Research228

Chapter 5 Constitutional Law255

Constitutions—The Basics256

Constitutional Provisions Including Animals260

India262

Germany266

United States of America270

General Constitutional Provisions that Indirectly Affect Animals270

Individual States—Florida271

Other State Provisions273

Chapter 6 International Law279

Introduction279

International Law281

The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora283

Historical and Legal Background284

CITES in Practice289

Potential Problems292

Domestic Implementation295

The World Trade Organization (WTO) and General Agreementon Tariffs and Trade (GATT)297

Tuna-Dolphin Ⅰ Case300

Tuna-Dolphin Ⅱ Case302

Shrimp-Turtle Case Ⅰ and Shrimp Turtle Case Ⅱ303

Leghold-Trap Restrictions and Cosmetics Testing Ban304

Effect of WTO on Animals305

The International Whaling Commission (IWC)309

The World of Whales309

The IWC—Beginnings312

Legal Structure of the IWC313

The IWC in Practice313

Index337