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44 Theory of Oxidation-Reduction．＆BY LEONOR MICHAELIS1

Ⅰ．Definitions and Classification of Oxidation and Reduction1

Ⅱ．Oxidation in Homogeneous Systems by Molecular Collision，without Complex Formation．Intermolecular Electron Exchange8

Ⅲ．Oxidation by Intramolecular Electron Transfer within a Compound Formed by Donor and Acceptor40

Ⅳ．Suggestions as to the Mechanism of Specific Enzymatic Oxidations46

45．Thermodynamics and Mechanism of the Phosphate Bond．＆BY NATHAN O．KAPLAN55

Ⅰ．Types of Phosphated Bonds56

Ⅱ．Methods of Calculating Free Energy of Hydrolysis of Phosphate Bonds59

Ⅲ．Low Energy Phosphate Bonds64

Ⅳ．Energy Rich Phosphate Bonds68

Ⅴ．The Phosphate Cycle71

Ⅵ．Generation of Energy-Rich phosphate Bonds74

Ⅶ．Aerobic Phosphorylation78

Ⅷ．Uncoupling of Phosphorylations from Oxidations89

Ⅸ．Utilization of Phosphate Bond Energy92

Ⅹ．Phosphate Bond Energy and Photosynthesis108

Ⅺ．Phosphate Cycle in the Regulation of Metabolism110

46．Transphosphorylating Enzymes of Fermentation．＆BY SIDNEY P．COLOWICK114

Ⅰ．General Considerations114

Ⅱ．Yeast Hexokinase126

Ⅲ．The Mammalian Hexokinases129

Ⅳ．Galactokinase133

Ⅴ．Phosphoglucomutase134

Ⅵ．Phosphofructokinase137

Ⅶ．Phosphoglucokinase139

Ⅷ．Glucose-1-Phosphate Transphosphorylase140

Ⅸ．Phosphoglyceromutase141

Ⅹ．3-Phosphoglycerate Kinase143

Ⅺ．Pyruvate Kinase145

Ⅻ．Adenylate Kinase (Myokinase)148

ⅩⅢ．Creatine Kinase149

ⅪⅤ．Transphosphorylase Activity of Phosphatases150

47．Dephosphorylation of Adenosine Polyphosphates．＆BY H．M．KALCKAR151

Ⅰ．Introduction151

Ⅱ．Adenylpyrophosphatase152

Ⅲ．Liberation of Inorganic Pyrophosphate from ATP160

48．Aldolase and Isomerase．＆BY OTTO MEYERROF162

Ⅰ．Aldolase162

Ⅱ．Phosphotriose Isomerase180

49．Keto Acid Decarboxylases．＆BY BIRGIT VENNESLAND183

Ⅰ．Nomenclature183

Ⅱ．ɑ-Ketocarboxylases184

Ⅲ．Carboligases202

Ⅳ．β-Ketocarboxylases209

50．Amino Acid Decarboxylases．＆BY OTTO SCHALES216

Ⅰ．Introduction216

Ⅱ．Occurrence and Properties of Amino Acid Decarboxylases217

Ⅲ．Use of Amino Acid Decarboxylases for Analytieal Purposes245

Ⅳ．Mechanism of Amino Acid Decarboxylation246

51．Desulfinase．＆BY CLAUDE FROMAGEOT248

Ⅰ．Methods of Investigation248

Ⅱ．Methods of Preparation249

Ⅲ．Properties249

52．Codehydrogenases Ⅰ and Ⅱ and Apoenzymes．＆BY F．SCHLENK250

Ⅰ．Introduction252

Ⅱ．The Codehydrogenases253

Ⅲ．The Apodenydrogenases274

53．Succinic Dehydrogenase．＆BY F．SCHLENK316

Ⅰ．Introduction and Historical316

Ⅱ．Significance317

Ⅲ．Preparation and Properties318

Ⅳ．Inhibitors324

54．Hydrogenase and Hydrogenlyase．＆BY W．W．UMBREIT329

Ⅰ．Hydrogenase329

Ⅱ．Hydrogenylase332

55．Flavin-Containing Enzymes．＆BY HUGO THEORELL335

Ⅰ．General Properties of Flavin Enzymes335

Ⅱ．Properties and Functions of Isolated Flavin Enzymes342

56．The Iron-Containing Enzymes．A．Cytochromes．＆BY K．G．PAUL357

Ⅰ．Introduction358

Ⅱ．Chemical Properties359

Ⅲ．Biological Properties of the Cytochrome System382

The Iron-Containing Enzymes．B．Catalases and Peroxidases．＂Hydroperoxidases．＂＆BY HUGO THEORELL397

Ⅰ．Introduction397

Ⅱ．Historical398

Ⅲ．Occurrence of Hydroperoxidases401

Ⅳ．Action and Determination of Activity404

Ⅴ．Purification and Crystallization of Hydroperoxidases409

Ⅵ．Chemical and Physicochemical Properties of Hydroperoxidases412

Ⅶ．The Physiological Role of Hydroperoxidases426

The Iron-Containing Enzymes．C．The Enzyme-Substrate Compounds and Mechanism of Action of the Hydroperoxidases．＆BY BRITTON CHANCE428

Ⅰ．Introduction429

Ⅱ．Methods for the Detection of Enzyme-Substrate Compounds433

Ⅲ．Physical and Chemical Properties of the Enzyme-Substrate Compounds439

Ⅳ．Equilibrium Properties of the Enzyme-Substrate Compounds442

Ⅴ．The Reaction Kinetics of the Enzyme-Substrate Compounds445

Ⅵ．General Properties of Enzyme-Substrate Compounds447

Ⅶ．Summary and Future Possibilities452

57．Copper Oxidases．＆BY C．R．DAWSON AND W．B．TARPLEY454

Ⅰ．Introduction455

Ⅱ．Tyrosinase (Polyphenoloxidase)456

Ⅲ．Laccase483

Ⅳ．Other Phenolases488

Ⅴ．Ascorbic Acid Oxidase491

58．Oxidation of Amino Acids．＆BY H．A．KREBS499

Ⅰ．Introduction500

Ⅱ．General D-Amino Acid Oxidases501

Ⅲ．General L-Amino Acid Oxidases514

Ⅳ．Specifie Amino Acid Oxidases526

Ⅴ．Amino Acid Oxidases as Chemical Tools534

59．Oxidation of Amines．＆BY E．ALBERT ZELLER536

Ⅰ．Introduction536

Ⅱ．Monoamine Oxidase537

Ⅲ．Diamine Oxidase544

60．Lipoxidase or Unsaturated-Fat Oxidase．＆BY RALPH T．HOLMAN AND SUNE BERGSTROM559

Ⅰ．Discovery and Early Literature559

Ⅱ．Occurrence in Nature560

Ⅲ．Methods of Detection and Assay563

Ⅳ．Purification and Isolation of Soybean Lipoxidase564

Ⅴ．Properties of Crystalline Soybean Lipoxidase565

Ⅵ．Oxidation of Unsaturated Fatty Acids by Lipoxidase567

Ⅶ．Lipoxidase Inhibitors572

Ⅷ．Mechanism of Enzymatic Oxidation by Lipoxidase574

61．Enzymes in Luminescence．＆BY E．NEWTON HARVEY581

Ⅰ．Historical Introduction－Luciferin and Luciferase581

Ⅱ．Enzymes in Luminescence of the Ostracod Cypridina584

Ⅲ．Enzymes in Firefly Luminescence590

Ⅳ．Enzymes in Bacterial Luminescence592

Ⅴ．Kinetics of Luminescent Enzyme Reactions598

Ⅵ．Mechanism of Light Production608

62．Oxidation of Organic Sulfur．＆BY．CLAUDE FROMAGEOT609

Ⅰ．Introduction609

Ⅱ．Fate of Methionine Sulfur610

Ⅲ．Fate of Homocysteine Sulfur610

Ⅳ．Fate of Cysteine Sulfur613

Ⅴ．Fate of Cystine Sulfur618

Ⅵ．Oxidation of Hydrogen Sulfide Sulfur and Free Sulfur620

Ⅶ．Origin and Role of Thiosulfate621

Ⅷ．General Outline of Oxidation of Organic Sulfur in Higher Animals622

63．Anaerobic Glycolysis，Respirtion，and the Pasteur Effect．＆BY FRANK DICKENS624

Ⅰ．Anaerobic Glycolysis625

Ⅱ．Tissue Respiration660

Ⅲ．The Pasteur Effect672

64．Yeast and Mold Fermentations．＆BY．F．F．NORD AND SIDNEY WEISS684

Ⅰ．Introduction685

Ⅱ．Yeast Fermentations685

Ⅲ．Mold Fermentations740

Ⅳ．General Conclusions786

Ⅴ．General References790