The Treatment of Prisoners under International Law2025|PDF|Epub|mobi|kindle电子书版本百度云盘下载

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General Introduction1

1. The Development of an International Law of Human Rights Applicable to Prisoners1

2. The Nature and Scope of the Problem8

2.1 Torture and other ill-treatment8

2.2 Executions12

2.3 Enforced disappearances13

2.4 Prison conditions14

3. The Inherent Dignity of the Enemy15

4. The Approach16

1. The Response of the United Nations General Assembly to the Challenge of Torture18

1. Introduction18

2. Discussion of Torture at the UN General Assembly 1973-197520

2.1 Resolution 3059 (XXVIII) of 2 November 197320

2.2 Resolution 3218 (XXIX) of 6 November 197423

2.3 The Fifth UN Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders (1975)28

2.3.1 Changes in definition29

2.3.2 International prohibition of torture31

2.3.3 Effective measures by states31

2.3.4 Implementation33

2.4 Resolution 3452 (XXX) of 9 December 1975—The Declaration against Torture35

3. Developments Following the Adoption of the Declaration against Torture36

3.1 Resolution 3453 (XXX) of 9 December 197537

3.1.1 Body of Principles for the Protection of All Persons under Any Form of Detention or Imprisonment37

3.1.2 Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement Officials38

3.1.3 Principles of Medical Ethics38

3.1.4 Implementation38

3.2 Resolutions 32/62, 32/63, and 32/64 of 8 December 197739

3.2.1 A convention against torture40

3.2.2 Questionnaire on the Declaration against Torture41

3.2.3 Unilateral declarations against torture42

4. Summary43

2. Hhe Legal Prohibition of Torture and Other Ill-treatment45

1. Introduction45

2. Treaties Prohibiting Torture and Other Ill-treatment46

2.1 The UN Convention against Torture47

2.2 The OAS Convention against Torture50

2.3 The human rights treaties53

2.3.1 The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights53

2.3.2 Specific human rights treaties of universal applicability56

2.3.3 Regional human rights treaties58

2.4 The humanitarian law treaties59

2.4.1 Common article 3 and Protocol II60

2.4.2 The Geneva Conventions and Protocol I62

3. Unilateral Declarations against Torture64

4. General International Law and Torture64

4.1 The Charter of the United Nations and General Assembly resolutions66

4.2 Customary international law69

4.3 General principles of law70

4.4 Judicial decisions71

4.5 Teachings of publicists77

4.6 Treaty bodies and other UN experts79

5. Summary80

3. What Constitutes Torture and Other Ill-treatment?82

1. Introduction82

2. Defining and Distinguishing Torture85

2.1 The status of the perpetrator88

2.1.1 International human rights law88

2.1.2 International criminal law89

2.2 Degree of pain or suffering91

2.2.1 The cumulative approach92

2.2.2 Acts recognised as torture in and of themselves95

2.2.3 Psychological torture97

2.2.4 Does torture involve aggravated pain or suffering?98

2.2.4.1 International human rights law100

2.2.4.2 International criminal law115

2.3 Purpose117

2.3.1 International human rights law117

2.3.2 International criminal law120

2.4 Conclusion: torture distinguished from other ill-treatment122

3. The Scope of 'Other Prohibited Ill-treatment'125

3.1 General elements of'other prohibited ill-treatment'?126

3.2 Intentional use of physical force131

3.3 Handcuffs and other means of physical restraint136

3.4 Strip searches and other potentially humiliating treatment137

3.5 Fear and other forms of mental distress140

3.6 Conclusion: a definition of'other ill-treatment'?143

4. Summary143

4. The Legal Consequences of Torture and Other Ill-treatment145

1. The Legal Consequences of Torture145

1.1 State responsibility for torture145

1.1.1 Investigation147

1.1.2 Bringing to justice150

1.1.3 Remedy and reparation155

1.1.3.1 Rehabilitation156

1.1.3.2 Compensation157

1.1.3.3 Satisfaction159

1.1.4 Guarantees of non-repetition161

1.1.5 Non-use of information obtained by torture162

1.1.6 Non-refoulement166

1.1.7 Responsibility of other states179

1.2 Individual responsibility for torture180

2. The Legal Consequences of Other Prohibited Ill-treatment190

3. Summary194

5. International Mechanisms against Torture and Other Ill-treatment195

1. Introduction195

2. Historical Efforts198

2.1 General Assembly questionnaire on torture198

2.2 Sub-Commission annual review of prisoners'rights199

3. Special Rapporteur on Torture202

3.1 Nature and function of the Special Rapporteur204

4. UN Convention against Torture208

4.1 Committee against Torture210

4.1.1 Review of periodic reports210

4.1.2 Interstate complaints214

4.1.3 Individual complaints214

4.1.4 Inquiry into systematic practices of torture216

5. Voluntary Fund for Victims of Torture219

5.1 Origins of the Fund220

5.2 Beneficiaries of the Fund224

5.3 Intermediaries225

5.4 Country priorities225

5.5 Nature of aid226

6. Mechanisms for Preventing Torture and Other Ill-treatment228

6.1 General obligation to prevent torture and other ill-treatment229

6.2 European Convention for the Prevention of Torture231

6.2.1 History231

6.2.2 The Committee233

6.2.3 Visits233

6.2.4 Publication235

6.3 Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture239

6.3.1 History239

6.3.2 Subcommittee on Prevention240

6.3.3 National preventive mechanisms241

6.3.4 Visits241

6.3.5 Publication244

7. Summary244

6. Extra-legal Executions246

1. General Prohibition of Murder by Government246

1.1 Racially motivated killing and genocide251

2. Extra-legal Executions as Arbitrary Deprivations of Life252

2.1 Killings as necessary measures of law enforcement253

2.2 Killings in non-international armed conflict260

2.3 Killings in international armed conflicts264

3. Legal Consequences of Extra-legal Executions266

3.1 State responsibility266

3.2 Individual responsibility271

4. International Remedies275

4.1 Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary Executions275

5. Summary277

7. The Death Penalty279

1. Introduction: The Objective of Abolition279

1.1 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights283

1.2 Other UN initiatives284

1.2.1 Developments in political bodies284

1.2.2 Optional Protocol to the Covenant on Civil and Political Rights287

1.2.3 Statutes of international criminal tribunals289

1.3 European regional developments289

1.4 Developments in other regions294

2. Limits to Capitally Punishable Offences297

2.1 Lawful sanction298

2.2 Only the 'most serious crimes'298

2.3 No other human rights violations should be involved300

2.4 Non-retroactivity301

2.5 Political offences302

2.6 Offences committed by persons under military occupation303

2.7 Non-reintroduction304

3. Procedural Restrictions on the Imposition of the Death Penalty306

3.1 Fair trial306

3.1.1 Degree of proof312

3.2 Appeals313

3.3 Clemency315

3.4 Non-execution pending appeal and clemency procedures316

3.5 Transparency317

3.6 Humane treatment318

4. Persons Who may not be Executed321

4.1 Persons under 18 years old322

4.2 Pregnant women and mothers324

4.3 Persons over 70 years old (Americas region)325

4.4 Insane persons325

5. International Remedies325

5.1 Secretary-General's'best endeavours'326

5.2 Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary Executions326

6. Summary328

8. Enforced Disappearance of Prisoners: Unacknowledged Detention329

1. Enforced Disappearance329

1.1 The problem of defining'enforced disappearance'332

2. The UN Response to Enforced Disappearances337

3. The International Law Prohibition of Enforced Disappearances342

3.1 The right to liberty and security of person344

3.2 The right to humane conditions of detention and freedom from torture and ill-treatment348

3.3 The right to life353

4. Legal Consequences of Enforced Disappearances358

4.1 State responsibility358

4.2 Individual responsibility362

5. International Remedies366

5.1 Working Group on enforced or involuntary disappearances367

5.1.1 The scope of the Working Groups concern367

5.1.2 General approach368

5.1.3 Gases and countries considered369

5.1.4 Sources of information369

5.1.5 Screening of information received/admissibility371

5.1.6 Transmittal of information371

5.1.7 Gountry visits372

5.1.8 Urgent action373

5.1.9 Annual report374

5.2 Committee on Enforced Disappearances374

6. Summary376

9. Conditions of Imprisonment or Detention379

1. The Legal Rules380

2. Institutional Ill-treatment382

2.1 Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners382

2.2 Practice of the Human Rights Committee385

2.2.1 Prison conditions which violate human dignity387

2.3 Prison conditions in the work of European regional bodies393

2.3.1 The Greek Case at the European Commission of Human Rights393

2.3.2 European Court of Human Rights394

2.3.3 Practice of the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture396

2.4 Prison conditions in the work of American regional bodies397

2.5 Prison conditions in the work of the African Commission398

2.6 Practice of the UN Special Rapporteur on Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman and Degrading Treatment or Punishment400

3. Solitary Confinement402

4. Denial or Misuse of Medical Treatment or Other Basic Necessities407

5. Medical or Scientific Experimentation on Human Beings412

6. Other Areas of Possible Abuse of Prisoners415

6.1 Persons detained on mental health grounds415

6.2 Forcible feeding419

6.3 Separation of categories of prisoner421

7. Legal Consequences of Unlawful Conditions of Imprisonment or Detention422

8. International Remedies423

9. Summary425

10. Corporal Punishment427

1. The Geography of Corporal Punishment427

2. United Nations Activities Concerning Corporal Punishment429

3. International Humanitarian Law433

4. International Human Rights Law435

5. Summary446

1. United Nations Body of Principles452

1.1 Legal assistance453

1.2 Notification of and communication with families454

1.3 Length of interrogation455

1.4 Pre-and post-interrogation medical examinations456

1.5 Record-keeping457

1.6 Appearance before a judge and judicial supervision457

1.7 Challenging the legality of detention and treatment458

1.8 Other aspects of the Body of Principles459

2.Incommunicado Detention and Habeas Corpus under Treaty and Customary Law460

2.1 Incommunicado detention under the Covenant461

2.1.1 Requirement of promptness in article 9(3)462

2.1.2 Nature and independence of the authority in article 9(3)462

2.1.3 Application of article 9(3) to criminal matters only463

2.1.4 Other rights implicated by incommunicado detention464

2.2 Habeas corpus under the Covenant465

2.3 Incommunicado detention and habeas corpus under other universal human rights reaties468

2.4 Incommunicado detention and habeas corpus under the regional conventions470

2.4.1 Incommunicado detention470

2.4.2 Habeas corpus474

2.5 General international law477

3.States of Emergency481

4. Summary492

12. International Codes of Ethics for Professionals494

1. Introduction494

2. UN Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement Officials495

2.1 Background495

2.2 Addressees of the Code498

2.3 The scope of the Code498

2.4 Expected response to non-compliance with the Code502

2.5 Implementation505

2.6 Training and dissemination507

3. Council of Europe Ethical Instruments on the Police508

4. Code(s) of Military Ethics?511

5. UN Principles of Medical Ethics512

5.1 Background512

5.2 Addressees of the Principles513

5.3 The scope of the Principles514

5.4 Expected response to non-compliance with the Principles519

5.5 Implementation520

5.6 Training and dissemination523

6. Ethical Principles for Lawyers?523

Concluding Reflections528

Annex 1.Declaration on the Protection of All Persons from Being Subjected to Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment535

Annex 2a.Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment [excerpts]538

Annex 2b.Inter-American Convention to Prevent and Punish Torture [excerpts]548

Annex 2c.European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment [excerpts]552

Annex 2d.Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment [excerpts]556

Annex 3.Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners562

Annex 4.Body of Principles for the Protection of All Persons under Any Form of Detention or Imprisonment578

Annex 5a. Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement Officials587

Annex 5b.Basic Principles on the Use of Force and Firearms by Law Enforcement Officials591

Annex 5c.Declaration on the Police—Part A596

Annex 5d.European Code of Police Ethics [excerpts]598

Annex 6a.Principles of Medical Ethics relevant to the Role of Health Personnel, particularly Physicians, in the Protection of Prisoners and Detainees against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment600

Annex 6b.Principles on the Effective Investigation and Documentation of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (Istanbul Principles)602

Annex 7.Principles on the Effective Prevention and Investigation of Extra-legal, Arbitrary, and Summary Executions605

Annex 8a.Declaration on the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance609

Annex 8b.Inter-American Convention on the Forced Disappearance of Persons [excerpts]616

Annex 8c.International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance [excerpts]621

Annex 9a.Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 [excerpt]634

Annex 9b.International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights [excerpts]635

Annex 9c.European Convention on Human Rights [excerpts]637

Annex 9d.American Convention on Human Rights [excerpts]639

Annex 9e.African Charter on Human and Peoples'Rights [excerpts]641

Annex 9f.Arab Charter on Human Rights [excerpts]642

Bibliography645

Index663