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1 Introduction1

1.1 Overview1

1.1.1 What Is to Be Learned？1

1.1.2 Coursework Content1

1.2 Brief Historical Background2

1.3 Current Aircraft Design Status7

1.3.1 Forces and Drivers8

1.3.2 Current Civil Aircraft Design Trends9

1.3.3 Current Military Aircraft Design Trends11

1.4 Future Trends11

1.4.1 Civil Aircraft Design：Future Trends12

1.4.2 Military Aircraft Design：Future Trends14

1.5 Learning Process15

1.6 Units and Dimensions17

1.7 Cost Implications17

2 Methodology to Aircraft Design，Market Survey，and Airworthiness19

2.1 Overview19

2.1.1 What Is to Be Learned？20

2.1.2 Coursework Content20

2.2 Introduction20

2.3 Typical Design Process21

2.3.1 Four Phases of Aircraft Design23

2.3.2 Typical Resources Deployment25

2.3.3 Typical Cost Frame26

2.3.4 Typical Time Frame26

2.4 Typical Task Breakdown in Each Phase26

2.4.1 Functional Tasks during the Conceptual Study （Phase 1：Civil Aircraft）28

2.4.2 Project Activities for Small Aircraft Design29

2.5 Aircraft Familiarization31

2.5.1 Civil Aircraft and Its Component Configurations31

2.5.2 Military Aircraft and Its Component Configurations33

2.6 Market Survey33

2.7 Civil Aircraft Market35

2.7.1 Aircraft Specifications and Requirements for Three Civil Aircraft Case Studies36

2.8 Military Market39

2.8.1 Aircraft Specifications/Requirements for Military Aircraft Case Studies39

2.9 Comparison between Civil and Military Aircraft Design Requirements40

2.10 Airworthiness Requirements41

2.11 Coursework Procedures42

3 Aerodynamic Considerations43

3.1 Overview43

3.1.1 What Is to Be Learned？43

3.1.2 Coursework Content44

3.2 Introduction44

3.3 Atmosphere46

3.4 Fundamental Equations48

3.5 Airflow Behavior：Laminar and Turbulent50

3.5.1 Flow Past Aerofoil55

3.6 Aircraft Motion and Forces56

3.6.1 Motion56

3.6.2 Forces57

3.7 Aerofoil58

3.7.1 Groupings of Aerofoils and Their Properties59

3.8 Definitions of Aerodynamic Parameters62

3.9 Generation of Lift63

3.10 Types of Stall65

3.10.1 Gradual Stall66

3.10.2 Abrupt Stall66

3.11 Comparison of Three NACA Aerofoils66

3.12 High-Lift Devices67

3.13 Transonic Effects - Area Rule68

3.14 Wing Aerodynamics70

3.14.1 Induced Drag and Total Aircraft Drag73

3.15 Aspect Ratio Correction of 2D Aerofoil Characteristics for 3D Finite Wing73

3.16 Wing Definitions76

3.16.1 Planform Area，Sw76

3.16.2 Wing Aspect Ratio77

3.16.3 Wing Sweep Angle，？77

3.16.4 Wing Root （croot） and Tip （ctip） Chord77

3.16.5 Wing Taper Ratio，λ77

3.16.6 Wing Twist78

3.16.7 High/Low Wing78

3.16.8 Dihedral/Anhedral Angles79

3.17 Mean Aerodynamic Chord79

3.18 Compressibility Effect：Wing Sweep80

3.19 Wing Stall Pattern and Wing Twist82

3.20 Influence of Wing Area and Span on Aerodynamics83

3.20.1 The Square-Cube Law84

3.20.2 Aircraft Wetted Area （A w） versus Wing Planform Area （Sw）85

3.20.3 Additional Vortex Lift87

3.20.4 Additional Surfaces on Wing87

3.21 Finalizing Wing Design Parameters89

3.22 Empennage90

3.22.1 H-Tail90

3.22.2 V-Tail91

3.22.3 Tail Volume Coefficients91

3.23 Fuselage93

3.23.1 Fuselage Axis/Zero-Reference Plane93

3.23.2 Fuselage Length，Lfus94

3.23.3 Fineness Ratio，FR94

3.23.4 Fuselage Upsweep Angle94

3.23.5 Fuselage Closure Angle94

3.23.6 Front Fuselage Closure Length，Lf94

3.23.7 Aft Fuselage Closure Length，La95

3.23.8 Midfuselage Constant Cross-Section Length，Lm95

3.23.9 Fuselage Height，H95

3.23.10 Fuselage Width，W95

3.23.11 Average Diameter，Dave95

3.23.12 Cabin Height，Hcab96

3.23.13 Cabin Width，Wcab96

3.23.14 Pilot Cockpit/Flight Deck96

3.24 Undercarriage96

3.25 Nacelle and Intake96

3.26 Speed Brakes and Dive Brakes96

4 Aircraft Classification，Statistics，and Choices for Configuration98

4.1 Overview98

4.1.1 What Is to Be Learned？99

4.1.2 Coursework Content99

4.2 Introduction99

4.3 Aircraft Evolution100

4.3.1 Aircraft Classification and Their Operational Environment101

4.4 Civil Aircraft Mission （Payload-Range）104

4.5 Civil Subsonic Jet Aircraft Statistics （Sizing Parameters and Regression Analysis）105

4.5.1 Maximum Takeoff Mass versus Number of Passengers106

4.5.2 Maximum Takeoff Mass versus Operational Empty Mass107

4.5.3 Maximum Takeoff Mass versus Fuel Load108

4.5.4 Maximum Takeoff Mass versus Wing Area109

4.5.5 Maximum Takeoff Mass versus Engine Power111

4.5.6 Empennage Area versus Wing Area112

4.5.7 Wing Loading versus Aircraft Span113

4.6 Civil Aircraft Component Geometries113

4.7 Fuselage Group114

4.7.1 Fuselage Width114

4.7.2 Fuselage Length117

4.7.3 Front （Nose Cone） and Aft-End Closure117

4.7.4 Flight Crew （Flight Deck） Compartment Layout121

4.7.5 Cabin Crew and Passenger Facilities121

4.7.6 Seat Arrangement，Pitch，and Posture （95th Percentile） Facilities122

4.7.7 Passenger Facilities123

4.7.8 Cargo Container Sizes124

4.7.9 Doors - Emergency Exits125

4.8 Wing Group126

4.9 Empennage Group （Civil Aircraft）128

4.10 Nacelle Group130

4.11 Summary of Civil Aircraft Design Choices133

4.12 Military Aircraft：Detailed Classification，Evolutionary Pattern，and Mission Profile134

4.13 Military Aircraft Mission134

4.14 Military Aircraft Statistics （Sizing Parameters - Regression Analysis）135

4.14.1 Military Aircraft Maximum Take-off Mass （MTOM） versus Payload135

4.14.2 Military MTOM versus OEM135

4.14.3 Military MTOM versus Fuel Load Mf135

4.14.4 MTOM versus Wing Area （Military）135

4.14.5 MTOM versus Engine Thrust （Military）135

4.14.6 Empennage Area versus Wing Area （Military）136

4.14.7 Aircraft Wetted Area versus Wing Area （Military）136

4.15 Military Aircraft Component Geometries136

4.16 Fuselage Group （Military）136

4.17 Wing Group （Military）136

4.17.1 Generic Wing Planform Shapes136

4.18 Empennage Group （Military）136

4.19 Intake/Nacelle Group （Military）137

4.20 Undercarriage Group137

4.21 Miscellaneous Comments137

4.22 Summary of Military Aircraft Design Choices137

5Aircraft Load138

5.1Overview138

5.1.1 What Is to Be Learned？138

5.1.2 Coursework Content139

5.2Introduction139

5.2.1 Buffet140

5.2.2 Flutter140

5.3Flight Maneuvers140

5.3.1 Pitch Plane （X-Z） Maneuver （Elevator/Canard-Induced）140

5.3.2 Roll Plane （Y-Z） Maneuver （Aileron-Induced）141

5.3.3 Yaw Plane （Z-X） Maneuver （Rudder-Induced）141

5.4Aircraft Loads141

5.4.1 On the Ground141

5.4.2 In Flight141

5.5heory and Definitions141

5.5.1 Load Factor，n142

5.6Limits - Load and Speeds143

5.6.1 Maximum Limit of Load Factor144

5.6.2 Speed Limits144

5.7V-n Diagram145

5.7.1 Low-Speed Limit145

5.7.2 High-Speed Limit146

5.7.3 Extreme Points of a V-n Diagram146

5.8Gust Envelope147

6Configuring Aircraft149

6.1Overview149

6.1.1 What Is to Be Learned？150

6.1.2 Coursework Content150

6.2Introduction150

6.3Shaping and Layout of a Civil Aircraft Configuration152

6.3.1 Considerations in Configuring the Fuselage154

6.3.2 Considerations in Configuring the Wing157

6.3.3 Considerations in Configuring the Empennage158

6.3.4 Considerations in Configuring the Nacelle159

6.4 Civil Aircraft Fuselage：Typical Shaping and Layout160

6.4.1 Narrow-Body，Single-Aisle Aircraft163

6.4.2 Wide-Body，Double-Aisle Aircraft167

6.4.3 Worked-Out Example：Civil Aircraft Fuselage Layout171

6.5 Configuring a Civil Aircraft Wing：Positioning and Layout174

6.5.1 Aerofoil Selection174

6.5.2 Wing Design175

6.5.3 Wing-Mounted Control-Surface Layout176

6.5.4 Positioning of the Wing Relative to the Fuselage177

6.5.5 Worked-Out Example：Configuring the Wing in Civil Aircraft177

6.6 Configuring a Civil Aircraft Empennage：Positioning and Layout180

6.6.1 Horizontal Tail181

6.6.2 Vertical Tail181

6.6.3 Worked-Out Example：Configuring the Empennage in Civil Aircraft182

6.7 Configuring a Civil Aircraft Nacelle：Positioning and Layout of an Engine184

6.7.1 Worked-Out Example：Configuring and Positioning the Engine and Nacelle in Civil Aircraft185

6.8 Undercarriage Positioning187

6.9 Worked-Out Example：Finalizing the Preliminary Civil Aircraft Configuration187

6.10 Miscellaneous Considerations in Civil Aircraft189

6.11 Configuring Military Aircraft - Shaping and Laying Out189

6.12 Worked-Out Example - Configuring Military Advanced Jet Trainer189

6.12.1 Use of Statistics in the Class of Military Trainer Aircraft190

6.12.2 Worked-Out Example - Advanced Jet Trainer Aircraft （AJT） - Fuselage190

6.12.3 Miscellaneous Considerations - Military Design190

6.13 Variant CAS Design190

6.13.1 Summary of the Worked-Out Military Aircraft Preliminary Details190

7 Undercarriage191

7.1 Overview191

7.1.1 What Is to Be Learned？192

7.1.2 Coursework Content192

7.2 Introduction193

7.3 Types of Undercarriage194

7.4 Undercarriage Layout，Nomenclature，and Definitions195

7.5 Undercarriage Retraction and Stowage197

7.5.1 Stowage Space Clearances199

7.6 Undercarriage Design Drivers and Considerations199

7.7 Turning of an Aircraft201

7.8 Wheels202

7.9 Loads on Wheels and Shock Absorbers202

7.9.1 Load on Wheels203

7.9.2 Energy Absorbed205

7.9.3 Deflection under Load206

7.10 Runway Pavement Classification206

7.10.1 Load Classification Number Method207

7.10.2 Aircraft Classification Number and Pavement Classification Number Method208

7.11 Tires209

7.12 Tire Friction with Ground：Rolling and Braking Friction Coefficient212

7.13 Undercarriage Layout Methodology213

7.14 Worked-Out Examples215

7.14.1 Civil Aircraft：Bizjet215

7.14.2 Military Aircraft：AJT219

7.15 Miscellaneous Considerations221

7.16 Undercarriage and Tire Data222

8 Aircraft Weight and Center of Gravity Estimation223

8.1 Overview223

8.1.1 What Is to Be Learned？224

8.1.2 Coursework Content224

8.2 Introduction225

8.3 The Weight Drivers227

8.4 Aircraft Mass （Weight） Breakdown228

8.5 Desirable CG Position228

8.6 Aircraft Component Groups230

8.6.1 Civil Aircraft231

8.6.2 Military Aircraft （Combat Category）232

8.7 Aircraft Component Mass Estimation233

8.8 Rapid Mass Estimation Method：Civil Aircraft234

8.9 Graphical Method for Predicting Aircraft Component Weight：Civil Aircraft234

8.10 Semi-empirical Equation Method （Statistical）238

8.10.1 Fuselage Group - Civil Aircraft238

8.10.2 Wing Group - Civil Aircraft241

8.10.3 Empennage Group - Civil Aircraft242

8.10.4 Nacelle Group - Civil Aircraft243

8.10.5 Undercarriage Group - Civil Aircraft243

8.10.6 Miscellaneous Group - Civil Aircraft244

8.10.7 Power Plant Group - Civil Aircraft244

8.10.8 Systems Group - Civil Aircraft246

8.10.9 Furnishing Group - Civil Aircraft246

8.10.10 Contingency and Miscellaneous - Civil Aircraft246

8.10.11 Crew - Civil Aircraft246

8.10.12 Payload - Civil Aircraft246

8.10.13 Fuel - Civil Aircraft247

8.11 Worked-Out Example - Civil Aircraft247

8.11.1 Fuselage Group Mass247

8.11.2 Wing Group Mass249

8.11.3 Empennage Group Mass250

8.11.4 Nacelle Group Mass250

8.11.5 Undercarriage Group Mass250

8.11.6 Miscellaneous Group Mass250

8.11.7 Power Plant Group Mass250

8.11.8 Systems Group Mass251

8.11.9 Furnishing Group Mass251

8.11.10 Contingency Group Mass251

8.11.11 Crew Mass251

8.11.12 Payload Mass251

8.11.13 Fuel Mass251

8.11.14 Weight Summary251

8.12 Center of Gravity Determination252

8.12.1 Bizjet Aircraft CG Location Example253

8.12.2 First Iteration to Fine Tune CG Position Relative to Aircraft and Components254

8.13 Rapid Mass Estimation Method - Military Aircraft254

8.14 Graphical Method to Predict Aircraft Component Weight -Military Aircraft255

8.15 Semi-empirical Equation Methods （Statistical） - Military Aircraft255

8.15.1 Military Aircraft Fuselage Group （SI System）255

8.15.2 Military Aircraft Wing Mass （SI System）255

8.15.3 Military Aircraft Empennage255

8.15.4 Nacelle Mass Example - Military Aircraft255

8.15.5 Power Plant Group Mass Example - Military Aircraft255

8.15.6 Undercarriage Mass Example - Military Aircraft255

8.15.7 System Mass - Military Aircraft255

8.15.8 Aircraft Furnishing - Military Aircraft255

8.15.9 Miscellaneous Group （MMISC） - Military Aircraft255

8.15.10 Contingency （MCONT） - Military Aircraft255

8.15.11 Crew Mass255

8.15.12 Fuel （MFUEL）256

8.15.13 Payload （MPL）256

8.16 Classroom Example of Military AJT/CAS Aircraft Weight Estimation256

8.16.1 AJT Fuselage Example （Based on CAS Variant）256

8.16.2 AJT Wing Example （Based on CAS Variant）256

8.16.3 AJT Empennage Example （Based on CAS Variant）256

8.16.4 AJT Nacelle Mass Example （Based on CAS Variant）256

8.16.5 AJT Power Plant Group Mass Example （Based on AJT Variant）256

8.16.6 AJT Undercarriage Mass Example （Based on CAS Variant）256

8.16.7 AJT Systems Group Mass Example （Based on AJT Variant）256

8.16.8 AJT Furnishing Group Mass Example （Based on AJT Variant）256

8.16.9 AJT Contingency Group Mass Example256

8.16.10 AJT Crew Mass Example256

8.16.11 Fuel （MfUEL）256

8.16.12 Payload （MPL）256

8.16.13 Weights Summary - Military Aircraft256

8.17 CG Position Determination - Military Aircraft256

8.17.1 Classroom Worked-Out Military AJT CG Location Example257

8.17.2 First Iteration to Fine Tune CG Position and Components Masses257

9 Aircraft Drag258

9.1 Overview258

9.1.1 What Is to Be Learned？259

9.1.2 Coursework Content259

9.2 Introduction259

9.3 Parasite Drag Definition261

9.4 Aircraft Drag Breakdown （Subsonic）262

9.5 Aircraft Drag Formulation263

9.6 Aircraft Drag Estimation Methodology （Subsonic）265

9.7 Minimum Parasite Drag Estimation Methodology265

9.7.1 Geometric Parameters，Reynolds Number，and Basic CF Determination266

9.7.2 Computation of Wetted Areas267

9.7.3 Stepwise Approach to Compute Minimum Parasite Drag268

9.8 Semi-empirical Relations to Estimate Aircraft Component Parasite Drag268

9.8.1 Fuselage268

9.8.2 Wing，Empennage，Pylons，and Winglets271

9.8.3 Nacelle Drag273

9.8.4 Excrescence Drag277

9.8.5 Miscellaneous Parasite Drags278

9.9 Notes on Excrescence Drag Resulting from Surface Imperfections279

9.10 Minimum Parasite Drag280

9.11 △CDp Estimation280

9.12 Subsonic Wave Drag281

9.13 Total Aircraft Drag282

9.14 Low-Speed Aircraft Drag at Takeoff and Landing282

9.14.1 High-Lift Device Drag282

9.14.2 Dive Brakes and Spoilers Drag286

9.14.3 Undercarriage Drag286

9.14.4 One-Engine Inoperative Drag288

9.15 Propeller-Driven Aircraft Drag288

9.16 Military Aircraft Drag289

9.17 Supersonic Drag290

9.18 Coursework Example：Civil Bizjet Aircraft292

9.18.1 Geometric and Performance Data292

9.18.2 Computation of Wetted Areas，Re，and Basic CF293

9.18.3 Computation of 3D and Other Effects to Estimate Component CDpmin295

9.18.4 Summary of Parasite Drag299

9.18.5 △CDp Estimation299

9.18.6 Induced Drag299

9.18.7 Total Aircraft Drag at LRC299

9.19 Coursework Example：Subsonic Military Aircraft299

9.19.1 Geometric and Performance Data of a Vigilante RA-C5 Aircraft300

9.19.2 Computation of Wetted Areas，Re，and Basic CF302

9.19.3 Computation of 3D and Other Effects to Estimate Component CDpmin303

9.19.4 Summary of Parasite Drag305

9.19.5 △ CDp Estimation306

9.19.6 Induced Drag306

9.19.7 Supersonic Drag Estimation306

9.19.8 Total Aircraft Drag310

9.20 Concluding Remarks310

10 Aircraft Power Plant and Integration314

10.1 Overview314

10.1.1 What Is to Be Learned？314

10.1.2 Coursework Content315

10.2 Background315

10.3 Definitions319

10.4 Introduction：Air-Breathing Aircraft Engine Types320

10.4.1 Simple Straight-Through Turbojet320

10.4.2 Turbofan：Bypass Engine321

10.4.3 Afterburner Engine322

10.4.4 Turboprop Engine323

10.4.5 Piston Engine323

10.5 Simplified Representation of the Gas Turbine Cycle324

10.6 Formulation and Theory：Isentropic Case325

10.6.1 Simple Straight-Through Turbojet Engine：Formulation325

10.6.2 Bypass Turbofan Engine：Formulation327

10.6.3 Afterburner Engine：Formulation329

10.6.4 Turboprop Engine：Formulation330

10.7 Engine Integration with an Aircraft：Installation Effects331

10.7.1 Subsonic Civil Aircraft Nacelle and Engine Installation332

10.7.2 Turboprop Integration to Aircraft335

10.7.3 Combat Aircraft Engine Installation336

10.8 Intake and Nozzle Design338

10.8.1 Civil Aircraft Intake Design：Inlet Sizing338

10.8.2 Military Aircraft Intake Design341

10.9Exhaust Nozzle and Thrust Reverser341

10.9.1 Civil Aircraft Thrust Reverser Application342

10.9.2 Civil Aircraft Exhaust Nozzles343

10.9.3 Coursework Example of Civil Aircraft Nacelle Design344

10.9.4 Military Aircraft Thrust Reverser Application and Exhaust Nozzles345

10.10 Propeller345

10.10.1 Propeller-Related Definitions348

10.10.2 Propeller Theory349

10.10.3 Propeller Performance：Practical Engineering Applications355

10.10.4 Propeller Performance：Blade Numbers 3 ≤ N ≥ 4357

10.10.5 Propeller Performance at STD Day：Worked-Out Example358

10.11 Engine-Performance Data359

10.11.1 Piston Engine361

10.11.2 Turboprop Engine （Up to 100 Passengers Class）363

10.11.3 Turbofan Engine：Civil Aircraft365

10.11.4 Turbofan Engine：Military Aircraft370

11 Aircraft Sizing，Engine Matching，and Variant Derivative371

11.1 Overview371

11.1.1 What Is to Be Learned？371

11.1.2 Coursework Content372

11.2 Introduction372

11.3 Theory373

11.3.1 Sizing for Takeoff Field Length374

11.3.2 Sizing for the Initial Rate of Climb377

11.3.3 Sizing to Meet Initial Cruise378

11.3.4 Sizing for Landing Distance378

11.4 Coursework Exercises：Civil Aircraft Design （Bizjet）379

11.4.1 Takeoff379

11.4.2 Initial Climb380

11.4.3 Cruise380

11.4.4 Landing381

11.5 Coursework Exercises：Military Aircraft Design （AJT）381

11.5.1 Takeoff - Military Aircraft381

11.5.2 Initial Climb - Military Aircraft381

11.5.3 Cruise - Military Aircraft381

11.5.4 Landing - Military Aircraft381

11.6 Sizing Analysis：Civil Aircraft （Bizjet）381

11.6.1 Variants in the Family of Aircraft Design382

11.6.2 Example：Civil Aircraft383

11.7 Sizing Analysis：Military Aircraft384

11.7.1 Single-Seat Variant in the Family of Aircraft Design384

11.8 Sensitivity Study384

11.9 Future Growth Potential385

12 Stability Considerations Affecting Aircraft Configuration387

12.1 Overview387

12.1.1 What Is to Be Learned？388

12.1.2 Coursework Content388

12.2 Introduction388

12.3 Static and Dynamic Stability389

12.3.1 Longitudinal Stability：Pitch Plane （Pitch Moment，M）392

12.3.2 Directional Stability：Yaw Plane （Yaw Moment，N）393

12.3.3 Lateral Stability：Roll Plane （Roll Moment，L）393

12.3.4 Summary of Forces，Moments，and Their Sign Conventions396

12.4 Theory396

12.4.1 Pitch Plane396

12.4.2 Yaw Plane400

12.4.3 Roll Plane401

12.5 Current Statistical Trends for H- and V-Tail Coefficients402

12.6 Inherent Aircraft Motions as Characteristics of Design403

12.6.1 Short-Period Oscillation and Phugoid Motion404

12.6.2 Directional and Lateral Modes of Motion406

12.7 Spinning408

12.8 Design Considerations for Stability：Civil Aircraft409

12.9 Military Aircraft：Nonlinear Effects413

12.10 Active Control Technology：Fly-by-Wire413

13 Aircraft Performance417

13.1 Overview417

13.1.1 What Is to Be Learned？417

13.1.2 Coursework Content418

13.2 Introduction418

13.2.1 Aircraft Speed419

13.3 Establish Engine Performance Data420

13.3.1 Turbofan Engine （BPR ＜ 4）420

13.3.2 Turbofan Engine （BPR ＞ 4）422

13.3.3 Military Turbofan （Advanced Jet Trainer/CAS Role -Very Low BPR） - STD Day422

13.3.4 Turboprop Engine Performance423

13.4 Derivation of Pertinent Aircraft Performance Equations425

13.4.1 Takeoff425

13.4.2 Landing Performance429

13.4.3 Climb and Descent Performance430

13.4.4 Initial Maximum Cruise Speed435

13.4.5 Payload Range Capability435

13.5 Aircraft Performance Substantiation：Worked-Out Examples（Bizjet）437

13.5.1 Takeoff Field Length （Bizjet）437

13.5.2 Landing Field Length （Bizjet）442

13.5.3 Climb Performance Requirements （Bizjet）443

13.5.4 Integrated Climb Performance （Bizjet）444

13.5.5 Initial High-Speed Cruise （Bizjet）446

13.5.6 Specific Range （Bizjet）446

13.5.7 Descent Performance （Bizjet）447

13.5.8 Payload Range Capability448

13.6 Aircraft Performance Substantiation：Military Aircraft （AJT）451

13.6.1 Mission Profile451

13.6.2 Takeoff Field Length （AJT）452

13.6.3 Landing Field Length （AJT）456

13.6.4 Climb Performance Requirements （AJT）457

13.6.5 Maximum Speed Requirements （AJT）458

13.6.6 Fuel Requirements （AJT）458

13.7 Summary459

13.7.1 The Bizjet461

13.7.2 The AJT462

14 Computational Fluid Dynamics464

14.1 Overview464

14.1.1 What Is to Be Learned？465

14.1.2 Coursework Content465

14.2 Introduction465

14.3 Current Status466

14.4 Approach to CFD Analyses468

14.4.1 In the Preprocessor （Menu-Driven）470

14.4.2 In the Flow Solver （Menu-Driven）470

14.4.3 In the Postprocessor （Menu-Driven）470

14.5 Case Studies471

14.6 Hierarchy of CFD Simulation Methods472

14.6.1 DNS Simulation Technique473

14.6.2 Large Eddy Simulation （LES） Technique473

14.6.3 Detached Eddy Simulation （DES） Technique473

14.6.4 RANS Equation Technique473

14.6.5 Euler Method Technique473

14.6.6 Full-Potential Flow Equations474

14.6.7 Panel Method474

14.7 Summary475

15 Miscellaneous Design Considerations476

15.1 Overview476

15.1.1 What Is to Be Learned？477

15.1.2 Coursework Content477

15.2 Introduction477

15.2.1 Environmental Issues478

15.2.2 Materials and Structures478

15.2.3 Safety Issues478

15.2.4 Human Interface478

15.2.5 Systems Architecture478

15.2.6 Military Aircraft Survivability Issues479

15.2.7 Emerging Scenarios479

15.3 Noise Emissions479

15.3.1 Summary485

15.4 Engine Exhaust Emissions487

15.5 Aircraft Materials487

15.5.1 Material Properties489

15.5.2 Material Selection491

15.5.3 Coursework Overview493

15.6 Aircraft Structural Considerations494

15.7 Doors：Emergency Egress495

15.8 Aircraft Flight Deck （Cockpit） Layout497

15.8.1 Multifunctional Display and Electronic Flight Information System498

15.8.2 Combat Aircraft Flight Deck499

15.8.3 Civil Aircraft Flight Deck500

15.8.4 Head-Up Display500

15.8.5 Helmet-Mounted Display501

15.8.6 Hands-On Throttle and Stick502

15.8.7 Voice-Operated Control502

15.9 Aircraft Systems502

15.9.1 Aircraft Control Subsystem503

15.9.2 Engine and Fuel Control Subsystems505

15.9.3 Emergency Power Supply508

15.9.4 Avionics Subsystems509

15.9.5 Electrical Subsystem510

15.9.6 Hydraulic Subsystem511

15.9.7 Pneumatic System513

15.9.8 Utility Subsystem517

15.9.9 End-of-Life Disposal518

15.10 Military Aircraft Survivability521

15.10.1 Military Emergency Escape521

15.10.2 Military Aircraft Stealth Consideration521

15.10.3 Low Observable （LO） Aircraft Configuration521

15.11 Emerging Scenarios522

16 Aircraft Cost Considerations523

16.1 Overview523

16.1.1 What Is to Be Learned？526

16.1.2 Coursework Content526

16.2 Introduction526

16.3 Aircraft Cost and Operational Cost528

16.4 Aircraft Costing Methodology：Rapid-Cost Model531

16.4.1 Nacelle Cost Drivers533

16.4.2 Nose Cowl Parts and Subassemblies536

16.4.3 Methodology （Nose Cowl Only）536

16.4.4 Cost Formulas and Results540

16.5 Aircraft Direct Operating Cost544

16.5.1 Formulation to Estimate DOC546

16.5.2 Worked-Out Example of DOC：Bizjet548

17 Aircraft Manufacturing Considerations551

17.1 Overview551

17.1.1 What Is to Be Learned？553

17.1.2 Coursework Content553

17.2 Introduction553

17.3 Design for Manufacture and Assembly554

17.4 Manufacturing Practices555

17.5 Six Sigma Concept557

17.6 Tolerance Relaxation at the Wetted Surface559

17.6.1 Sources of Aircraft Surface Degeneration560

17.6.2 Cost-versus-Tolerance Relationship560

17.7 Reliability and Maintainability561

17.8 Design Considerations562

17.8.1 Category Ⅰ：Technology-Driven Design Considerations563

17.8.2 Category Ⅱ：Manufacture-Driven Design Considerations564

17.8.3 Category Ⅲ：Management-Driven Design Considerations564

17.8.4 Category Ⅳ：Operator-Driven Design Considerations565

17.9 “Design for Customer”565

17.9.1 Index for “Design for Customer”566

17.9.2 Worked-Out Example567

17.10 Digital Manufacturing Process Management568

17.10.1 Product，Process，and Resource Hub570

17.10.2 Integration of CAD/CAM，Manufacturing，Operations，and In-Service Domains571

17.10.3 Shop-Floor Interface572

17.10.4 Design for Maintainability and 3D-Based Technical Publication Generation573

Appendix A Conversion575

Appendix B International Standard Atmosphere577

Appendix C Aerofoils579

Appendix D Case Studies580

Appendix E Tire Data590

References591

Index600