THE STANDARD OF REVIEW IN WTO DISPUTE SETTLEMENT CRITIQUE AND DEVELOPMENT2025|PDF|Epub|mobi|kindle电子书版本百度云盘下载

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1 Introduction1

1.1 The importance of WTO oversight of government trade measures1

1.2 Conceptual foundations of standards of review4

1.2.1 The definition of standards of review4

1.2.2 Types of standards6

1.2.3 Review of facts versus law8

1.2.4 Rationales for standards of review10

1.2.5 Standards applied in other relevant jurisdictions12

A Australia13

B The United States15

C France18

D The European Court of Justice20

E Selected international dispute settlement bodies24

F Assessment of other legal systems25

1.3 Application of standards of review in the WTO27

1.3.1 Relevancy， definitions and application27

1.3.2 Institutional considerations and limitations within the WTO system30

1.3.3 Usefulness of the domestic law analogy32

1.4 Argument， methodology and chapter outlines33

1.4.1 Summary of argument33

1.4.2 Methodology34

1.4.3 Chapter outlines35

2 The development of the WTO standard of review36

2.1 Introduction36

2.2 The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 194737

2.2.1 GATT 194737

2.2.2 Tokyo Round Codes40

2.2.3 GATT panel decisions42

2.3 The Uruguay Round negotiations44

2.4 The World Trade Organization47

2.4.1 Decisions prior to EC-Hormones47

2.4.2 EC-Hormones49

2.4.3 Post EC-Hormones52

2.4.4 The anti-dumping standard of review59

2.5 Conclusion65

3 Alternative models and principles for the development of a WTO standard of review66

3.1 Introduction66

3.2 Alternative standard of review models68

3.2.1 The sovereignty perspective and Chevron analogy68

3.2.2 The ‘deliberation test’72

3.2.3 The ‘reasonable regulator’ test75

3.2.4 De novo review79

3.2.5 A flexible standard of review81

3.2.6 Other theoretical approaches： con stitutionalization and harmonization83

3.2.7 Deference based upon a ‘margin of appreciation’ or ‘policy space’86

3.3 Idention ication of principles for the development of a WTO standard of review87

3.3.1 Relevant principles90

3.3.2 Developing a standard that supports the key aims of WTO dispute settlement91

3.3.3 Ensuring adjudicative legitimacy94

3.3.4 Developing appropriate procedures96

A Scope of fact-finding and expertise97

B Efficiency97

C Procedural fairness98

3.4 Conclusion99

4 A new general standard of review100

4.1 Introduction100

4.2 Features of a new general standard of review102

4.2.1 The requirement to examine all available and sufficient evidence103

4.2.2 The requirement to conduct a comprehensive review108

4.2.3 Treatment of facts and law112

4.3 Justifications for a new general standard of review114

4.3.1 The legal basis for developing a new standard of review115

4.3.2 Assessment against relevant standard of review principles118

4.3.3 Brief assessment against other standards of review121

4.3.4 The relationship with Article 17.6 of the Anti-Dumping Agreement123

4.4 Conclusion125

5 Modification of the general standard of review127

5.1 Introduction127

5.2 The application of a specific standard of review130

5.2.1 The threshold test for the modification of the general standard of review130

5.2.2 The method of construction of a specific standard of review138

5.2.3 The treatment of facts and law143

5.3 Justifications for a specific standard of review145

5.3.1 General arguments for and against a specific standard of review146

5.3.2 The legal basis for a specific standard of review148

5.3.3 Assessment against relevant standard of review principles150

5.3.4 Brief assessment against other standards of review152

5.4 Conclusion154

6 The application of a new standard of review to the Trade Remedy Agreements155

6.1 Introduction155

6.2 Factual and legal issues in reviewing trade remedies157

6.3 The Anti-Dumping Agreement158

6.3.1 Key concepts and obligations158

6.3.2 The role of Article 17.6161

6.3.3 The application of the new standard to the Anti-Dumping Agreement163

6.4 The Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures169

6.4.1 Key concepts and obligations169

6.4.2 The application of the new standard to the SCM Agreement171

6.5 The Safeguards Agreement174

6.5.1 Key concepts and obligations174

6.5.2 The application of the new standard to the Safeguards Agreement177

6.6 Comparison of the new standard with the current standard applied in trade remedy disputes179

6.6.1 The Anti-Dumping Agreement179

6.6.2 The SCM Agreement180

6.6.3 The Safeguards Agreement182

6.7 Conclusion183

7 The application of a new standard of review to selected non-trade remedy agreements185

7.1 Introduction185

7.2 Uniformity of the standard of review in non-trade remedy agreements187

7.3 The agreement on sanitary and phytosanitary measures188

7.3.1 Key concepts and obligations188

7.3.2 The application of the new standard to the SPS Agreement191

7.4 The agreement on technical barriers to trade199

7.4.1 Key concepts and obligations199

7.4.2 The application of the new standard to the TBT Agreement201

7.5 The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994205

7.5.1 Key concepts and obligations205

7.5.2 The application of the new standard to GATT 1994207

7.6 Comparison of the new standard with the current standard applied to non-trade remedy disputes209

7.6.1 The SPS Agreement209

7.6.2 The TBT Agreement211

7.6.3 GATT 1994212

7.7 Conclusion213

8 Conclusion214

8.1 Overview of this work214

8.1.1 Critique and contentions214

8.1.2 Summary of chapters216

8.2 Directions for future research223

8.3 The significance of the standard of review issue for the WTO：concluding remarks226

Bibliography228

Index243