文学解读和论文写作 指南与范例 第7版2025|PDF|Epub|mobi|kindle电子书版本百度云盘下载

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PART ONE：Interpreting Literature1

1 Strategies for Interpreting Literature3

Why Do People Read Literature?3

What Is Interpretation?4

How Do We Interpret?6

Checklist for Interpreting Literature9

Work Cited9

2 What Is Literature?11

Literature Is Language13

Literature Is Fictional15

Walt Whitman,Cavalry Crossing a Ford16

Literature Is True18

Henry Howard,Earl of Surrey,My Friend,the Things that Do Attain18

Literature Is Aestheric23

Literature Is Intertextual24

Checklist for the Elements of Literature29

Works Cited30

3 Interpreting Fiction31

The Elements of Fiction31

Theme32

Point of View37

Mary Robison,Yours43

Plot44

Characterization54

Setting61

Irony66

Symbolism69

Other Elements72

Checklist for Interpreting Fiction72

WorksCited74

4 Interpreting Drama77

The Nature of Drama77

The Elements of Drama78

Plot78

Characterization85

Setting90

Theme94

Irony97

Subgenres100

Checklist for Interpreting Drama103

Works Cited and Consulted105

5 Interpreting Poetry107

What Is Poetry?107

Emily Brontё,The Night Is Darkening Round Me108

Sense in Poetry：Elements that Convey Meaning109

Getting Started：Reading a Poem the FirstTime109

Diction110

William Wordsworth,A Slumber Did My Spirit Seal110

Syntax112

Louise Bogan,Song for a Lyre114

Characterization,Point of View,Plot,and Setting115

Jane Kenyon,In the Nursing Home116

Matthew Arnold,Dover Beach117

Robert Browning,My Last Duchess120

Imagery：Descriptive Language122

Imagery：Figurative Language123

Samuel Daniel,Love Is a Sickness124

Thomas Campion,There Is a Garden in Her Face125

Symbolism128

Williarm Blake,Tne Sick Rose129

The Sound of Poetry：Musical Elements130

Rhythm130

William Shakespeare,Sonnet 129135

Word Sounds137

Edgar Allan Poe,To Helen138

Structure140

William Shakespeare,Sonnet 116144

Edna St.Vincent Millay,I,Being Born a Woman145

Anonymous,The Daemon Lover146

Emily Dickinson,Because I Could Not Stop for Death148

Matsuo Basho,haiku150

Taniguchi Buson,haiku150

Kobayashi Issa,haiku150

Psalm 23151

Ezra Pound,Xenia153

Amy Lowell,Road to the Yoshiwara154

Langston Hughes,Vagabonds154

Elizabeth Bishop,One Art156

Sight：The Visual Qualities of Poetry157

George Herbert,Easter Wings158

e.e.cummings,l(a159

Gwendolyn Brooks,We Real Cool159

Checklist for Interpreting Poetry160

Works Cited162

6 Specialized Approaches to Interpreting Literature163

Literary Criticism and Theory163

Places for Interpretation165

The Work166

New Criticism167

Structuralism168

Deconstruction172

Archetypal Criticism174

The Author177

Historical and Biographical Criticism177

New Historicist Criticism179

The Reader183

Reader-Response Criticism183

All of Reality185

Marxist Criticism186

Psychological Criticism187

Feminist and Gender Criticism189

Works Cited193

PART Two：Writing about Literature195

7 Writing about Literature197

Why Write about Literature?197

How Can You Write about Literature?197

The Writing Process199

8 Choosing Topics201

Preliminary Steps201

Be an Active Reader201

Identify Your Audience202

Raise Questions about the Work205

Narrow Your Topic205

Search Strategies207

Focus on the Work's Conventions(Its Formal Qualities)207

Use Topoi(Traditional Patterns of Thinking)208

Respond to Comments by Critics211

Draw from Your Own Knowledge212

Talking and Writing Strategies213

Talk Out Loud213

Make Outlines213

Freewrite214

Brainstorm214

Make Notes215

Keep a Journal216

Sample Essay about Literature218

Michelle Henderson,"Paradise Rejected in Homer's Odyssey"218

Comments on the Essay225

Checklist for Choosing Topics225

Works Cited226

9 Drafting the Essay227

The Argumentative Nature of Interpretive Essays227

The Structure of Essays about Literature228

The Argumentative Structure229

The Rhetorical Structure231

Guidelines for Writing First Drafts233

Keep in Mind the Needs of Your Audience233

Avoid Extreme Subjectivity(Overuse of"I")234

Draw Up a Rough Outline235

Begin Writing236

Use Sound Deductive Reasoning236

Support Key Claims with Facts237

Use Sound Inductive Reasoning238

Define Key Terms239

Organize Evidence According to a Coherent Plan239

Make Compansons Complete and Easy to Follow240

Checklist for Drafting the Essay242

Works Cited242

10 Revising and Editing245

Revise Throughout the Writing Process245

Revise for the Final Draft245

Write a Clear and Readable Prose Style246

Have Other People Read and Respond to Your Draft247

Editthe Final Draft247

Rules of Usage247

Citations of Sources248

Quotations249

Other Rules of Usage Related to Essays about Literature258

Physical Format260

Sample Essay in Two Drafts261

Robert Frost,The Death of the Hired Man262

Early Draft266

Comments on the Early Draft268

Final Draft269

Jennifer Hargrove,"A Comparison of Mary and Warren in Robert Frost's'The Death of the Hured Man'"Comments on the Final Draft276

Checklist for Revising and Editing277

Works Cited277

11 Documentation and Research279

Primary Sources279

Secondary Sources279

Research Papers and the Use of Secondary Sources281

How to Find Information and Opinions about Literature281

Ⅰ．Library Catalogs and Stacks282

Ⅱ．Library Reference Room282

Ⅲ．Library Periodicals Room and Stacks292

Ⅳ．Information and Opinion on the Internet292

Evaluating the Quality of Internet Sites297

Giving Credit to Sources299

Why Should You Give Credit?299

When Should You Give Credit?299

Where Should You Give Credit?302

Correct Documentary Form303

Guidelines for Parenthetical Citations304

Guidelines for Using Footnotes and Endnotes311

Guidelines and Form for the Works Cited List：General Rules312

Sample Entries for Books313

Sample Entry for Articles in Scholarly Journals317

Sample Entries for Articles in Popular Publications317

Sample Entries for Computer Databases318

Sample Entries for Other Nonprint Sources324

Frequently Used Abbreviations326

Sample Research Paper327

Harold Wright,"The Monster's Education in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein"327

Comments on the Research Paper344

Checklist for Documentation and Research344

12 Taking EssayTests347

Guidelines for Taking Essay Tests348

Sample Test Essays351

Essay 1352

Comments on Essay 1352

Essay 2352

Comments on Essay 2353

Essay 3353

Comments on Essay 3354

Checklist for Taking EssayTests355

13 Sample Essays357

Essay on a Poem357

Edwin Arlington Robinson,Richard Cory357

George Cannon,"Point ofView in Edwin Arlington Robinson's'Richard Cory'"358

Essay on a Short Story362

Edgar Allan Poe,The Cask ofAmontillado362

Blake Long,"Montresor's Fate in Edgar Allan Poe's'The Cask of Amontillado'"368

Essay on a Play373

Susan Glaspell,Trifles373

Carolyn Briner,"The Meaning of Physical Objects in Susan Glaspell's Trifles"385

Essay on a Novel391

Shalita Forrest,"First Love,Lost Love in George Eliot's Adam Bede"392

Glossary399

Credits415

Index of Concepts and Terms417

Index of Critics,Authors,and Works424